The motion of a small bubble in waves

The motion of a single spherical small bubble due to buoyancy in the ideal fluid with waves is investigated theoretically and experimentally in this article. Assuming that the bubble has no effect on the wave field, equations of a bubble motion are obtained and solved. It is found that the nonlinear effect increases with the increase of the bubble radius and the rising time. The rising time and the motion orbit are given by calculations and experiments. When the radius of a bubble is smaller than 0.5mm and the distance from the free surface is greater than the wave height, the results of the present theory are in close agreement with measurements. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Formation and Amplification of Shock Waves in a Bubble “Cord”

The structure and dynamics of the wave field generated by a bubble system in the form of an axial bubble cylinder (cord) excited by a plane shock wave propagating along the axis in an axisymmetric shock tube are numerically examined. It is shown that consecutive excitation of oscillations of the bubble zone results in formation of a quasi-steady shock wave in the cord and in the ambient liquid. Results of the numerical analysis of the maximum amplitude of the resulting wave as a function of problems parameters are described.__________Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 46, No. 5, pp. 46–52, September–October, 2005.     

Acoustics of a Bubbly Liquid with a Weak Chemical Reaction in the Gaseous Phase

The influence of the composition and thermophysical properties of gas-liquid bubbly systems with a dissociating component in the gaseous phase on the laws of small-disturbance propagation and attenuation is investigated. It is found that the reacting gas component in the bubbles significantly affects the sonic-wave attenuation coefficient in the bubbly liquid. This follows from the fact that when a gas bubble is compressed isothermally, a recombination reaction occurs which prevents pressure growth in the bubble.Small-disturbance propagation in bubbly liquids was investigated in a number of publications discussed in review [1]. The acoustics of a bubbly liquid with a gas phase containing active admixtures are of both methodical and practical interest. The dynamics of such multicomponent bubbles were investigated in [2].     

Dynamic behaviour of a bubble near an elastic infinite interface

This paper presents a study to describe the behaviour of a non-equilibrium bubble in a fluid (Fluid 1) that is in contact with another fluid (Fluid 2). Fluid 2 is assumed to incorporate some elastic properties, which are modelled through a pressure term at the fluid–fluid interface. The Laplace equation is assumed to be valid in both fluids and the boundary integral method is employed to simulate the dynamics of the bubble and the fluid–fluid interface. Interesting characteristic phenomena concerning bubble oscillations and the deformation of the fluid–fluid interface are studied for a range of parameters (distance from the fluid–fluid interface, density ratios of the two fluids and elastic properties of Fluid 2). Some of the phenomena observed are jet formation in the bubble, bubble splitting, a ring bubble separating from the main bubble, mushroom-shaped bubbles and the dynamic elevation of the elastic interface. Most of these phenomena are only observed when Fluid 2 possesses some elastic properties (besides the usual formation of a high speed liquid jet). Comparisons with experimental observations confirm the validity of our simulations.     

碳氢燃料点火燃烧的简化化学反应动力学模型

基于``准稳态'方法建立了一套复杂化学反应动力学模型简化方法和相应的软件SPARCK. 并以3种典型的碳氢燃料------甲烷、乙烯和庚烷为研究对象，从甲烷点火燃烧的GRI2.11详 细基元反应动力学模型出发简化得出了包含14个组分10步总包反应形式的简化化学反应动 力学模型，从乙烯燃烧的51组分365详细基元反应模型出发简化得出了包含20个组分16 步总包反应形式的简化化学反应动力学模型，从庚烷点火燃烧的160组分1540详细基元反 应模型出发简化得出了包含26个组分22步总包反应形式的简化化学反应动力学模型. 通过 对典型激波管试验的结果对比可以看出：得到的简化反应动力学模型能较为有效地再现 详细基元反应模型的反应机理，具有较高的计算精度. 在工程计算中有较好的应用前景.     

滑动弧电极放电等离子体作用甲烷制C2烃的工艺

采用刀片式不锈钢电极放电反应器,以Ar气为稀释气,研究了等离子体作用下甲烷转化制C2烃的工艺条件。考察了CH4流量、高频电源输入电压和电极间距等参数对甲烷转化率、C2烃选择性、收率和反应表观能耗的影响。结果表明,增加CH4流量,表观能耗随之降低;当输入电压和电极间距较小时,甲烷转化率随输入电压和电极间距的增大而增大,但输入电压和电极间距过大时,C2烃收率明显下降,积碳严重。在CH4流量14 mL/min、Ar气流量60 mL/min、高频电源输入电压22 V、电流0.44 A、电极间距4 mm的优化条件下,甲烷最高转化率为43.1%,C2烃收率、选择性和表观能耗分别为40.1%、93.2%和2.41 MJ/mol。C2烃中不饱和烃的体积分数可达95%以上。     

Ni-La/CexZr1-xO2对甲烷部分氧化/CH4-CO2重整耦合制合成气的催化剂制备及反应性能

通过共沉淀法制备铈锆固溶体作为载体,采用等体积、分步浸渍的方法制备了一系列10% Ni-3% La/CexZr1-xO2（X=0、0.16、0.5、0.75、1）催化剂,并将其应用到甲烷部分氧化和甲烷二氧化碳重整耦合制合成气的反应中。对不同Ce/Zr比的催化剂性能展开研究,采用XRD、H2-TPR、SEM手段对载体及催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,铈锆固溶体的形成不仅提高了催化剂表面活性组分的分散度,使催化剂表面NiO晶粒尺寸从26.5 nm减到13.7 nm;而且能够加强活性组分与载体之间的相互作用,提高催化剂的热稳定性能;随着Ce/Zr比的增加,催化剂的转化率、选择性及稳定性随之增强,其关系为：Ni-La/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 > Ni-La/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 > Ni-La/Ce0.16Zr0.84O2。     

大气压非平衡等离子体甲烷干法重整零维数值模拟

大气压非平衡等离子体由于其独特的非平衡特性,可为甲烷和二氧化碳稳定温室气体分子活化和重整提供非热平衡和活化环境.本文采用了零维等离子体化学反应动力学模型,考虑了详细的CH₄/CO₂等离子体化学反应集,重点研究了反应气体CH₄/CO₂摩尔分数(5%—95%)对大气压非平衡等离子体甲烷干法重整制合成气和重要含氧化合物的影响.首先,给出了进料气体不同体积比时电子密度和温度随时间的演化规律,结果表明初始甲烷摩尔分数的提高有利于获得较高的电子密度和电子温度.随后,讨论了主要自由基和离子数密度在不同的甲烷摩尔分数下随着时间的变化规律,并给出了反应气体的转化率、合成气体和重要含氧化合物的选择性.此外,还明确了合成气和含氧化合物主要生成和损耗的化学反应路径,发现甲基和羟基是合成含氧化合物的关键中间体.最后,归纳总结给出了主要等离子体粒子之间的总体等离子体化学反应流程图.     

气泡在超声场中绕圈运动的高速摄影及其图像分析

借助高速摄影和图像分析技术对首次发现的附壁气泡的绕圈现象进行了实验研究,重点研究游移气泡的运动轨迹、附壁气泡的布阵过程、气泡的来源以及气泡的振动细节.研究发现游移绕圈气泡的运动轨迹呈现出不稳定、不规则、不光滑的特点.阵列气泡源于游移气泡,而游移气泡变成阵列气泡的方式主要是通过合并增大体积,从而减小所受的Bjerknes力,降低活性的方式实现的.游移气泡源于ALF(acoustic lichtenberg figure)空化云中大量空泡的合并,使以径向振动为主的空泡逐渐过渡到以表面波动为主的气泡.阵列气泡在Bjerknes力的作用下呈现出规则的表面波动,而体积更小受力更大的游移空泡的表面完全失稳,呈现极不规则的形貌,并对附近阵列气泡的表面波动产生影响.阵列气泡呈现出十分规则的排布,相邻阵列气泡之间的振动相位是相反的,表现为相互排斥.     

High-speed imaging of ultrasonic emulsification using a water-gallium system

Aiming at elucidating ultrasonic emulsification mechanisms, the interaction between a single or multiple acoustic cavitation bubbles and gallium droplet interface was investigated using an high-speed imaging technique. To our best knowledge, the moment of emulsification and formation of fine droplets during ultrasound irradiation were observed for the first time. It was found that the detachment of fine gallium droplets occurs from the water-gallium interface during collapse of big cavitation bubbles. The results suggest that the maximum size of cavitation bubble before collapsing is of prime importance for emulsification phenomena. Previous numerical simulation revealed that the collapse of big cavitation bubble is followed by generation of high-velocity liquid jet directed toward the water-gallium interface. Such a jet is assumed to be the prime cause of liquid emulsification. The distance between cavitation bubbles and water-gallium interface was found to slightly affect the emulsification onset. The droplet fragmentation conditions are also discussed in terms of the balance between (1) interfacial and kinetic energies and (2) dynamic and Laplace pressure during droplet formation.